Safe Communities For Children

Every child deserves a safe family and community. There are, however, many factors that threaten a child’s chances of growing up in safety.

Free To Shine prevents school-aged girls being trafficked into the commercial sex industry in Cambodia. We do this by addressing the many factors that make them vulnerable to being targeted by traffickers. 85% of families who experience migration, irregular employment, debt, gambling, divorce, family violence, or have many children, also have children lacking appropriate care.¹

Each of the factors below contributes to increasing a child’s risk of being exploited and trafficked. Free To Shine focuses on strengthening family and community systems to prioritise the safety of their children.

Factors That Increase a Child’s Risk of Being Trafficked

Poverty

70% of Cambodians live on less than $3.20 USD a day.2 Most families on our program are among the 10% poorest in their community. Most do not have regular employment. Hunger and food security is often a daily concern.

One illness can upend a family, driving them into serious debt to cover costs.3 (see Microfinance below).

One answer to poverty has been for parents to surrender their children to an orphanage in the hope they’ll receive enough food and an education. But orphanages are an inappropriate response to poverty.4 (see Orphanages below).

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child state that children should grow up in a family environment and that priority should be given to support the child’s parents and extended family to enable them to care adequately and to prevent unnecessary separation. Poverty should never be the sole reason for removing a child from their family.5

Microfinance

Microfinance, or microcredit, can be defined as ‘the provision of financial services to low-income (or formerly unbanked) populations’.6

In a country where 70% live on less than $3.20 USD a day,7 it is ludicrous that 2.4 million Cambodians hold a total microloan debt of at least $8 billion USD.8 In Cambodia, the average microloan debt per borrower is approximately $3,370 USD, which is the highest average amount in the world.9

Many families that Free To Shine work with have microfinance loans, often multiple loans. Few of these families are employed; most do irregular work for a daily wage. Microfinance institutions visit these rural villages regularly offering families loans. The main reasons families on Free To Shine’s program state for accepting these loans are;
• when they needed money for medication they couldn’t afford,
• when they couldn’t find work and needed money for food, and
• when they couldn’t pay existing microfinance loan repayments so took out additional loans to cover existing loans.

Poverty is the reason for most of these microfinance loans. The guarantee for the loan is usually the land they live on, which has often been handed down from their parents.

The inability to pay these loans, with their interest, is the main reason for migration.

When families cannot afford basic healthcare, food and loan repayments on the work they can find locally, many migrate to nearby Thailand, where the daily wage is approximately 3 times that of Cambodia.

Migration

In Cambodia, a lack of jobs leads some women and girls to leave their homes in rural areas to try to find work in tourist destination cities. In many cases, traffickers exploit them in sex trafficking, including in massage parlors, karaoke bars, and beer gardens.10

Debt is a primary driver of migration11 and is responsible for migrants going into exploitative work, making it more difficult for migrants to leave exploitative work, and increasing the likelihood of forced labor.12

Thailand is the primary destination country for migration from Cambodia. There are 391,000 Cambodian migrants working in Thailand.13,14

73% of migrants migrate through irregular channels.15

Migrating legally incurs greater expense, but affords greater protection and access to services. Families who migrate without the appropriate documentation have reported running from the Thai police, paying weekly bribes to the Thai police, not being able to enrol their children in school, and not being able to access healthcare. Mums still breastfeeding have reported taking their babies and toddlers with them, and an older child approximately 11-12 years old, to care for the babies and toddlers whilst the mums work. These children are usually sent back home to Cambodia to aunts or grandparents when they have finished breastfeeding.

Cambodia’s immigration police states that nearly 14,332 undocumented Cambodians were deported from Thailand in the first quarter of 2017, a 27% increase over the same quarter a year before.16

Human Rights Watch reported that in Thailand “both registered and unregistered migrant workers complained of physical and verbal abuse, forced overtime and lack of holiday time off, poor wages and dangerous working conditions and unexplained and illegal deductions from their salary”.17

Orphanages

Free To Shine is committed to best practice. We believe orphanages should be a last resort, and a temporary measure. We are members of Childsafe, Family Care First Cambodia, and ReThink Orphanages.

80 percent of the eight million children living in orphanages globally are not really orphans. They have at least one living parent or family member who could potentially care for them.

Due to financial donations, many orphanages are in a position to provide access to better education than the local village school, leading some families to place their children in an orphanage in the hope of better opportunities.

60 years of International research shows that there are better ways to care for children, which is why orphanages are no longer the preferred model around the world. Yet Cambodia has fallen victim to a huge rise in the orphanage model, in place of providing services that keep families together.

Between 2005 and 2015, Cambodia saw a 60 percent rise in the number of orphanages and residential care facilities.18 In 2015 there were 254 residential care facilities housing 11,171 children. In 2017 this increased dramatically to 406 institutions housing a total of 16,579 children.19 To put it in perspective, using Cambodia’s 2015 population numbers, this means approximately 1 in every 350 Cambodian children lives in a residential care facility.20

Many orphanages in Cambodia regularly accept short-term, unqualified visitors, donors or volunteers to teach, supervise or interact with the children. Volunteers typically stay for short periods of time, form bonds with the children and then leave, which can be incredibly disruptive and damaging to the child.

A large number of orphanages and residential care facilities in Cambodia are unregistered or unregulated; 38 percent have never been inspected by the Ministry, 12 percent are not registered by any branch of the government and 21 percent do not have a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the government.21 This limits monitoring and other safeguards enacted to protect children and ensure they are not neglected or exploited.

Free To Shine works in partnership with The Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth (MoSAVY), who are committed to returning children to families. When a child cannot stay with their family, Free To Shine seeks to place them in kinship care, with extended relatives.

Irresponsible Travel

Visiting or volunteering in orphanages, schools, and communities has become a popular pastime of tourists in Cambodia who are seeking an inside look at Cambodian culture. But would you volunteer at an orphanage in your home country? Would you want strangers visiting your child while they are at school?

You can’t just visit schools in your home town, right? Perhaps you would be welcomed for a tour if you had a legitimate reason, like you were considering enrolling your children there. But you wouldn’t be able to just go to see the children play or watch the teachers teach.

Would you want hundreds of foreign tourists walking around your child’s school every year? Of course not, you’d be concerned, not only for their disrupted education but about the potential risks to their safety and wellbeing. Yet millions of visitors per year want to see children in their schools in Cambodia.

What about tours through your neighbourhood? Would you want tourists peering through your doors and windows during dinnertime, or taking photographs of your children playing in their front yard? We expect a certain level of privacy when in our homes, and this respect for boundaries should be afforded to families in Cambodia too.

Of course, it’s natural to want to see how different cultures and communities live, but it is important you do it in a way that is ethical.

See our factsheet Responsible Travel for more tips and information.

Family and Domestic Violence

Violence has no place in the family unit and needs to be addressed at all levels, with all family members.

36 percent of Cambodian men reported perpetrating physical and/or sexual violence against a female intimate partner. 50 percent of men who committed rape did so as teenagers.22

A survey undertaken of 2000 Cambodian men, by four UN agencies, found that almost half of those admitting to perpetrating violence stated that they never faced legal consequences.23

The Khmer Rouge made every attempt to ban family life and deconstruct familial bonds.24 According to numerous studies, as much as one-third of the population meet the criteria for the Western diagnosis of PTSD.25

With only 1 social worker per 25,000 people in Cambodia there is a scarcity of formal support to address the ongoing, underlying causes of family and domestic violence.

Free To Shine’s social workers have received extensive training in family and domestic violence, safety planning and appropriate interventions. When alerted to violence within a family, a clear process is followed in order to best protect children and alert the proper authorities. Free To Shine’s social workers work with families and communities to minimise risk factors, and increase protective factors, to keep women and children safe.

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WHAT IS SEX TRAFFICKING?

Sex trafficking encompasses the range of activities involved when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to engage in a commercial sex act or causes a child to engage in a commercial sex act.26

The number of people in forced commercial sexual exploitation on any given day, rose from 4.8 million people in 2016 to 6.3 million people in 2021. 4.9 million are girls or women and 1.7 million are children (an increase of 700,000 since 2016).27

4.9 million

In 2021, 4.9 million of the 6.3 million (78%) of the victims of forced sexual exploitation were women and girls.27

almost half

of the 2000 Cambodian men who admitting to perpetrating violence in interviews by four UN agencies stated that they never faced legal consequences for their actions.23

1.7 million

1.7 million victims of commercial sexual exploitation in 2021 were children.27

In 2008 Cambodia cracked down on the commercial sex industry and enacted the Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation (LSHTSE).28

Brothels were raided and shuttered. It is estimated that in the three-month period following the LSHTSE at least 381 brothels were shut down.29

The passage of the LSHTSE and conflation of sex work with sex trafficking pushed the sex industry underground to commercial venues such as restaurants, massage parlors, karaoke bars, and retail spaces. Human rights organisations and health agencies expressed concern that this would contribute to the spread of HIV and STIs and fail to capture abusers.30

Almost 200 victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation were detected in Cambodia each year from 2015 through 2017, accounting for almost 63 percent of all trafficking victims detected in the country during the same period.31

Recruiters and brokers are usually of the same nationality and often from the same social network as their victims, and live or have lived in the destination country. Some were once trafficking victims themselves and use their knowledge and contacts to bring others into the destination country.32

Victims of trafficking are frequently subjected to debt-bondage, an illegal practice in which traffickers tell their victims that they owe money (often relating to the victims’ living expenses and transport to the city or to a new country) and that they must pledge their personal services to repay the debt. Then in order to make their victims become compliant, sex traffickers use methods that include starvation, confinement, beatings, physical abuse, rape, gang rape, threats of violence to the victims and the victims’ families, forced drug use, and the threat of shaming victims by revealing their activities to their family and communities.

For more information, read our Factsheet on Trafficking

See our fact sheet on trafficking
Forced Labour

27.6 million people are in forced labour worldwide, an increase from 24.9 million in 2016.33

Forced labour is all work or service, legitimate or otherwise, which is exacted from any person under violence or the threat of violence, whether physical or mental, which prevents a person from exercising his/her freedom of movement and/or free will.34

Of the 27.6 million victims of forced labour, 63% is in the private economy, 23% is in forced sexual exploitation, and 14% is state-imposed.35

There are 49.6 million people in modern slavery on any given day (an increase from 40.3 million in 2016); 27.6 million in forced labour (an increase from 24.9 million in 2016) and 22 million in forced marriage (an increase from 15.4 million in 2016).36 Women are more likely to be sexually exploited or forced into marriage, whereas men are more likely to be exploited by the state and in industries such as agriculture, mining, and construction.37

22 million people are in forced marriages worldwide.38

Human Trafficking

Human Trafficking is the recruitment and/or movement of someone within or across borders, through the abuse of power/position with the intention of forced exploitation, commercial or otherwise.39

Trafficking does not always require movement. Terms such as ‘receipt’ and ‘harbouring’ mean that trafficking does not just refer to the process whereby someone is moved into situations of exploitation; it also extends to the maintenance of that person in a situation of exploitation.40

International law provides a different definition of trafficking in children. The ‘means’ element is not required in this case. It is necessary to show only:
(i) an ‘action’ such as recruitment, buying and selling; and
(ii) that this action was for the specific purpose of exploitation.41

Cambodia is a source, transit and destination country for child victims of trafficking.42

Trafficking in Cambodia

The Government of Cambodia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. For the first time since Free To Shine was founded in 2010, Cambodia was downgraded in July 2022, to a Tier 3 ranking. Tier 3 are those countries whose governments do not fully meet the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA’s) minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so. 43

Human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Cambodia, and traffickers exploit victims from Cambodia abroad.

Cambodian adults and children migrate to other countries within the region and increasingly to the Middle East for work; traffickers force many to work on fishing vessels, in agriculture, in construction, in factories, and in domestic service—often through debt-based coercion—or exploit them in sex trafficking. 44

Traffickers recruit women and some girls from rural areas under false pretences to travel to China to enter into marriages. These women incur thousands of dollars of debt to brokers facilitating the transaction; the men force some of these women to work in factories or exploit them in sex trafficking to repay this debt. 45

The proprietors of brick kilns subject many of the more than 10,000 Cambodians living at such kilns, including nearly 4,000 children, to multigenerational debt-based coercion, either by buying off their pre-existing loans, or by requiring them to take out new loans as a condition of employment or to cover medical expenses resulting from injuries incurred while working. An extensive, largely unregulated network of predatory micro-finance organisations and private creditors contributes to this arrangement by proactively advertising loans to families in vulnerable communities and connecting them with the kilns. 46

All of Cambodia’s 25 provinces are sources for human trafficking. Sex trafficking is largely clandestine; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls move from rural areas to cities and tourist destinations, where criminals exploit them in sex trafficking in brothels and, more frequently, clandestine sex establishments at beer gardens, massage parlours, salons, karaoke bars, retail spaces, and non-commercial sites. Cambodian men form the largest source of demand for children exploited in sex trafficking; however, men from elsewhere in Asia, Australia, Europe, South Africa, and the United States travel to Cambodia to engage in child sex tourism, increasingly facilitated through social media contact. Thousands of urban children left behind by families migrating abroad for work are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor. 47

HOW DOES FREE TO SHINE HELP create Safe Communities For Children?

Free To Shine is a child protection organisation whose very reason for existing is to prevent school-aged girls being trafficked into the commercial sex industry.

Our team of professionals conduct monthly safety visits and social work interventions, focusing on strengthening family and community systems to prioritise the safety and education of their children. We teach families how to protect themselves from exploitation and abuse.

View References
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    (accessed 01 May 2020)."
  2. "Asian Development Bank (ADB), 'Cambodia', Asian Development Bank Member Fact Sheet, ADB, 2019, p. 1, https://www.adb.org/publications/cambodia-fact-sheet,
    (accessed 29 October 2019)."
  3. K. Brickell et al., 'Blood Bricks: Untold Stories of Slavery and Climate Change from Cambodia', London, United Kingdom, Royal Holloway, University of London, p. 19, https://un-act.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/Blood_Bricks.pdf,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  4. " Williamson, J. & Greenberg, A. (2010). Families, Not Orphanages. Working Paper, September 2010 https://bettercarenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Families%20Not%20Orphanages_0.pdf
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  5. United Nations. (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child.
    https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx.
    (accessed 4 April 2018)
  6. IOM, 'Debt and the Migration Experience', Bangkok, Thailand, IOM, 2019, p. 17,
    https://thailand.iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their-impacts-thailand-and,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  7. Asian Development Bank (ADB), 'Cambodia', Asian Development Bank Member Fact Sheet, ADB, 2019, p. 1, https://www.adb.org/publications/cambodia-fact-sheet,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  8. Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO) and Sahmakum Teang Tnaut (STT), 'Collateral Damage: Land Loss and Abuses in Cambodia's Microfinance Sector', Phnom Penh, Cambodia, LICADHO and STT, 2019, p. 1, https://www.licadho-cambodia. org/reports/files/228Report_Collateral_Damage_LICADHO_STT_Eng_07082019.pdf,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  9. Ibid.
  10. United States of America (USA) Department of State, 'Trafficking in Persons Report', USA Department of State, '2019, p. 3, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019- Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  11. IOM, 'Debt and the Migration Experience', Bangkok, Thailand, IOM, 2019, p. 17, https://thailand.iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their-impacts-thailand-and,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  12. IOM, 'Debt and the Migration Experience', Bangkok, Thailand, IOM, 2019, p. 1, https://thailand. iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their-impacts-thailand-and,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  13. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Mission in Thailand, 'Assessing Potential Changes in the Migration Patterns of Cambodian Migrants and Their Impact on Thailand and Cambodia', IOM, Mission in Thailand, 2019, p. IV, https://thailand.iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their-impacts-thailand-and, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  14. International Labour Organization, (ILO), 'Cambodia (April–June2019)', TRIANGLE in ASEAN Programme Quarterly Briefing Note, Bangkok, Thailand, ILO, 2019, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_614380.pdf,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  15. IOM, 'Debt and the Migration Experience', Bangkok, Thailand, IOM, 2019, p. 35, https://thailand.iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their- impacts-thailand-and,
    (accessed 29 October 2019).
  16. IOM, 'Debt and the Migration Experience', Bangkok, Thailand, IOM, 2019, p. 4, https://thailand.iom.int/assessing-potential-changes-migration-patterns-cambodian-migrants-and-their-impacts-thailand-and, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  17. Human Rights Watch (HRW), 'From the Tiger to the Crocodile: Abuse of Migrant Workers in Thailand', HRW, 2010, https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/02/23/tiger-crocodile/abuse-migrant-workers-thailand, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  18. C. Knaus, 'The Race to Rescue Cambodian Children from Orphanages Exploiting them for Profit', The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/19/the-race-to-rescue- cambodian-children-from-orphanages-exploiting-them-for-profit, (accessed 31 October 2019).
  19. Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSAVY), 'Mapping of Residential Care Facilities in the Capital and 24 Provinces of the Kingdom of Cambodia', Phnom Penh, Cambodia, MoSAVY, 2017, p. 8, https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/media/1331/file/ Residential%20care%20facilities%20in%20Cambodia%20Report%20English.pdf, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  20. Ibid, p. 10.
  21. Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSAVY), 'Mapping of Residential Care Facilities in the Capital and 24 Provinces of the Kingdom of Cambodia', Phnom Penh, Cambodia, MoSAVY, 2017, p. 25, https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/media/1331/file/ Residential%20care%20facilities%20in%20Cambodia%20Report%20English.pdf, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  22. Men, gender and violence against women in Cambodia: Findings from a household study with men on perpetration of violence. UN Women Cambodia, 2013.
  23. Partners for Prevention, 2013 (UNDP, UNFPA, UN Women and UNV)
  24. B. Van Schaack, D. Reicherter, Y. Chhang (eds), Cambodia's Hidden Scars: Trauma Psychology in the Wake of the Khmer Rouge, 2nd edn., Phnom Penh, Documentation Center of Cambodia, 2016, p. 40.
  25. B. Van Schaack, D. Reicherter, Y. Chhang (eds), Cambodia's Hidden Scars: Trauma Psychology in the Wake of the Khmer Rouge, 2nd edn., Phnom Penh, Documentation Center of Cambodia, 2016, p. 317.
  26. Trafficking in Persons Report, Department of State, United States of America, July 2022, p33 https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/ (accessed 27 September 2022).
  27. 8.7 Alliance, ‘Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: forced labour and forced marriage, September 2022’ International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2022, p35 and 45,   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).
  28. C. Overs, 'From Sex Work to Entertainment and Trafficking: Implications of a Paradigm Shift for Sexuality, Law and Activism in Cambodia', IDS Evidence Report No 23, Sexuality, Poverty, and Law, Brighton, United Kingdom, Institute of Development Studies, https://opendocs. ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/2945/ER23%20Final%20Online. pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  29. Ibid, p. 10.
  30. C. Overs, op cit.
  31. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 'Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Impact', UNODC, 2019, p. 77, https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf, (accessed 29 October 2019).
  32. UNODC, 'Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Impact', UNODC, 2019, p. 81, https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf, (accessed 29 October, 2019).
  33. 8.7 Alliance, ‘Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: forced labour and forced marriage, September 2022’ International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2022, p2,   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).
  34. Human Trafficking Center, 'Taxonomy Project', Human Trafficking Center, 2019, https://humantraffickingcenter.org/problem/database/ (accessed 31 October 2019).
  35. 8.7 Alliance, ‘Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: forced labour and forced marriage, September 2022’ International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2022, p3,   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).
  36. 8.7 Alliance, ‘Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: forced labour and forced marriage, September 2022’ International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2022, p21,   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).
  37. Walk Free Foundation, 'The Global Slavery Index 2018,' Walk Free Foundation, 2018, www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/, (accessed 23 September 2019).
  38. 8.7 Alliance, ‘Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: forced labour and forced marriage, September 2022’ International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2022, p21,   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).
  39. Human Trafficking Center, 'Taxonomy Project', Human Trafficking Center, 2019, https://humantraffickingcenter.org/problem/database/ (accessed 31 October 2019).
  40. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 'Human Rights and Human Trafficking 2014,' p2 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS36_en.pdf (accessed 01 May 2020)
  41. Ibid.
  42. Action Pour Les Enfants (APLE) Cambodia and End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT) International, 'Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia Submission', 2018 https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Universal-Periodical-Review-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-2018-Cambodia.pdf, (accessed 01 May 2020).
  43. Trafficking in Persons Report, Department of State, United States of America, July 2022, p55 https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/ (accessed 27 September 2022).
  44. Ibid, p. 158.
  45. Ibid.
  46. Ibid.
  47. Ibid.